Brown University

Brown University is a private Ivy League research university in Providence, Rhode Island. Founded in 1764 as "The College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations," Brown is the 
institution of higher education in the United States and
 one of the nine Colonial Colleges established before the American its foundation, Brown was the first college in the United States to accept 
students regardless of their religious engineering program, established in 1847, was the first in what is now known as the Ivy League. Brown's New  to in education theory as the Brown adopted 
by faculty vote in 1969 after a period of student lobbying; the New Curriculum eliminated mandatory "general education" distribution requirements, made students "the architects of their own syllabus," and 
allowed them to take any course for a grade of satisfactory or unrecorded no-credit.In 1971, Brown's coordinate women's institution, Pembroke College, was fully merged into the university.
Undergraduate admissions is among the most selective in the country, with an acceptance rate of 8.5 percent for the class of 2019 The University comprises The College, the Graduate School, Alpert Medical 

School, the School of Engineering, the School of Public Health, and the School of Professional Studies which includes the IE Brown Executive MBA international programs are organized through the Watson Institute for International Studies, and is academically affiliated with the Marin
Biological Laboratory and the Rhode Island School of Design. The Brow Dual Degree Program, offered in conjunction with the Rhode Island School of Design, is a five-year course that awards degrees from both institutions.
Brown's main campus is located in the College Hill Historic District in the city of Providence, the third largest city in New England. The University's neighborhood is
 a federally listed architectural district with a dense concentration of ancient buildings. On the western edge of the campus, Benefit Street contains "one of the finest cohesive collections of restored seventeenth- and eighteenth-century architecture in the United States".
Prominent alumni include current chair of the Federal Reserve Janet 67 and president of the World Bank Jim Yong Kim '82. Brown has produced 7 Nobel Prize winners, 57 Rhodes Scholars,National Humanities Medalists,ht Mitchell scholars.


"The Philadelphia Association obtained such an acquaintance with our affairs, as to bring them to an apprehension that it was practicable and expedient to erect a college i
n the Colony of Rhode-Island, under the chief direction of the Baptists; ... Mr. James Manning, who took his first degree in New-Jersey college in September, 1762, was esteemed a suitable leader in this important work."
Manning arrived at Newport in July 1763 and was introduced to Stiles, who agreed to write the Charter for the College. Stiles's first draft was read t
e General Assembly in August 1763 and rejected by Baptist members who worried that the
In September 1764 the inaugural meeting of the College Corporation was held at Newport. Governor Stephen Hopkins was chosen chancellor, former and future governor Samuel Ward was vice chancellor, five Episcopalians, and four Congregationalists. Of the 12 Fellows, eight should be ding the st indifferently of any or all Denominations."
The Charter was not, as is sometimes supposed, the grant of King George III, but rather an Act of the colonial General Assembly. In two particulars the Charter may be said to be a uniquely progressive document. First, where other colleges had curricular strictures against opposing doctrines, Brown's Charter asserted that "Sectarian differences of opinions, shall not make any Part of the Public and Classical 

Instruction." Second, according to University historian Walter Bronson, "the instrument governing Brown University recognized more broadly and fundamentally
 than any other the principle of denominational cooperation.The oft-repeated statement that Brown's Charter alone prohibited a religious test for College membership is inaccurate; other college charters were also liberal in that particular.
James Manning was sworn in as the College's first president in 1765 and served until 1791. In 1770 the College moved from Warren, Rhode Island, to the crest of College Hill overlooking Providence. Solomon , a freshman in the class of 1773, wrote in his diary on March 26, 1770
"This day the Committee for settling the spot for the College, met at the New-Brick School House, when it was determined it should be set on ye Hill opposite Mr. up the Presbyterian Lane."
Presbyterian Lane is the present College Street. The eight-acre site, in two parcels, had been purchased by the Corporation for £219, mainly from Moses Brown and 
John Brown, the parcels having "formed a part of the original home lots of their ancestor, Chad Brown, and of George who bought them from the Indians." University n until 1823 as "The at the College of New Jersey. Its construction was managed by the firm of Nicholas Brown and Company, which spent £2844 in the first year building the College Edifice and the adjacent 

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Columbia University

Columbia University officially Columbia University in the City of New Y a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. 

as well as one of the country's nine colonial colleges. After the revolutionary war, King's College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. A 1787 charter placed the institution under a private board of trustees before it was further renamed Columbia University in 1896 when the 

Originally established in 1754 as King's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in New York State, 

campus was moved from Madison Avenue to its current location in Heights occupying land of 32 acres 13  is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities, and was the first school in the United States to grant the M.D. degree

Columbia annually administers the Pulitzer Prize. Notable alumni and former  from King's College include five Founding Fathers of the United States; nine Justices of the United States Supreme 

The university is organized into twenty schools, including Columbia College, the School of Engineering and Applied Science, and the School of General Studies. The university also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio Santiago, and Nairobi

.It has affiliations with several other institutions nearby, including Teachers College, Barnard College, and Union Theological Seminary, with joint undergraduate programs available through the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, Sciences Po Paris, and the School

Court; 20 living billionaires; 29 Academy Award winners; and 29 heads of state, including three United States Presidents.Additionally, to date, some 101 Nobel Prize laureates have been affiliated with Columbia as students, faculty, or staff, second in the world in Nobel affiliates to Harvard University

Discussions regarding the founding of a college in the Province of New York began as early as 1704, when Colonel Lewis Morris wrote to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, the missionary arm of the Church of England, persuading the society that New York City was an ideal 

Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan.The college was officially founded on October 31, 1754, as King's College by royal charter of King George II, making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York and the fifth oldest in the United States.

community in which to establish a college;however, not until the founding of Princeton University across the Hudson River in New Jersey did the City of New York seriously consider founding a college.In 1746 an act was passed by the general assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. In 

1751, the assembly appointed a commission of ten New York residents, seven of whom were members of the Church of England, to direct the funds accrued by the state lottery towards the foundation of a college.

Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the college's first president, Dr. Samuel . Johnson was the only instructor of the college's first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. 

In 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queen's College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his chief 

opponent in discussions at the College was an undergraduate of the class of 1777, Alexander Hamilton.The 

departure in 1783. The college's library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a military hospital first by American and then British forces Loyalists were forced to abandon their King's College in New York, which was seized by the rebels and renamed Columbia University. The Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles led to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded what is now the University of King's 

American Revolutionary War broke out in 1776, and was catastrophic for the operation of King's College, which suspended instruction for eight years beginning in 1776 with the arrival of the Continental Army. The suspension continued through the military occupation of New York City by British troops until their 

University of Oxford

The University of Oxford (informally Oxford University or simply Oxford) is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England. While having no known date of foundation, there is evidence of teaching as far 

back as 1 it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the university.It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris.After disputes between

 students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled northeast to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge.The two "ancient universities" are frequently jointly referred to as "

The university is made up of a variety of institutions, including 38 constituent colleges and a full range of academic departments which are organised into four divisions. the colleges are self-governing 

institutions as part of the university, each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and a city university, it does not have a main campus; instead, all the buildings and facilities are scattered throughout the city 

Most undergraduate teaching at Oxford is organised around weekly tutorials at the self-governing colleges and halls, supported by classes, lectures and laboratory work provided by university faculties and 

departments. Oxford is the home of several notable scholarships, including the Clarendon Scholarship which was launched in the Rhodes Scholarship which has brought graduate students to study at the university for more than a century The university operates the largest university press in the the largest 

academic library system in the United Kingdom.Oxford has educated many notable alumni, including 27

The Vice-Chancellor, currently Andrew Hamilton,head of the university. Five Pro-Vice-Chancellors have specific responsibilities for Education; Research; Planning and Resources; Development and External Affairs; 

and Personnel and Equal Opportunities. The University Council is the executive policy-forming body, which consists of the Vice-Chancellor as well as heads of departments and other members elected by 

Congregation, in addition to observers from the students' union. Congregation, the "parliament of the dons", comprises over 3,700 members of the university's academic and administrative staff, and has ultimate responsibility for legislative matters: it discusses and pronounces on policies proposed by the University Council.

Two university proctors, elected annually on a rotating basis from two of the colleges, are the internal ombudsmen who make sure that the university and its members adhere to its statutes. This role incorporates 

student welfare and discipline, as well as oversight of the university's proceedings. The university's professors are collectively referred to as the "Statutory Professors of the University of Oxford". They are particularly influential in the running of the university's graduate

 Examples of Statutory Professors are the Professorships and the  Professor of Political Economy. The various academic faculties, departments, and institutes are organised into four divisions, each with its own 

Head and elected board. They are the Humanities division; the Social Sciences Division; the Mathematical, Physical and Life Sciences Division; and the Medical Sciences Division.

The University of Oxford is a "public university" in the sense that it receives some public money from the government, but it is a "private university" in the sense that it is entirely s and, in theory, could choose to become entirely private by rejecting public funds

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

  The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1861 in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States, MIT adopted a 

Post-war defense research contributed to the rapid expansion of the faculty and campus under James The current 168-acre 68.0 ha campus opened in 1916 and extends over  of the Charles River basin.

European polytechnic university model and stressed laboratory instruction in applied science and engineering. Researchers worked on computers, radar, and inertial guidance during World War II and the Cold War. 

As of 2015, 84 Nobel laureates, 52 National Medal of Science recipients, 45 Rhodes Scholars, 38 MacArthur Fellows, 34 astronauts, and 2 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with MIT.

MIT, with five schools and one college which contain a total of 32 departments, is traditionally known for its research and education in the physical sciences and engineering, and more recently in biology, economics, linguistics, and management as well. MIT is often cited as among the world's top  "Engineers" sponsor 31 sports, most teams 

of which compete in the NCAA Division III's New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference; the Division I rowing programs compete as part of the 

 The school has a strong entrepreneurial culture, and the aggregated revenues of companies founded by MIT alumni would rank as the eleventh-largest economy in the world.

MIT has kept pace with and helped to advance the digital age. In addition to developing the predecessors to modern computing and networking technologies,students, staff, and faculty members at Project MAC, 

Free Software Foundation were; the MIT Media Lab was founded in 1985 by Nicholas  and Jerome to promote research into novel uses of computer technology;the World Wide Web Consortium standards 

the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and the Tech Model Railroad Club wrote some of the earliest interactive computer video games like and created much of modern hacker slang and culture.Several major computer-related organizations have originated at MIT since the  Richard GNU Project and the subsequent 

organization was founded at the Laboratory for Computer Science in 1994 by Tim project has made course materials for over 2,000 MIT classes available online free of charge since 2002;and the One Laptop per Child initiative to expand computer education and connectivity to children worldwide was launched in 2005.

number of new buildings on Vassar Street including the  on campus in the included expansions of the Media Lab, the Sloan School's eastern campus, and graduate residences in the northwest. In 2006, President launched the MIT Energy Research Council to investigate the interdisciplinary challenges posed by increasing global energy consumption

MIT was named a sea-grant college in 1976 to support its programs in oceanography and marine sciences and was named a space-grant college in 1989 to support its aeronautics and astronautics diminishing government financial support over the past quarter century, MIT launched several successful development 

campaigns to significantly expand the campus: new dormitories and athletics buildings on west campus; the Tang Center for Management Education; several buildings in the northeast corner of campus supporting research into biology, brain and cognitive sciences, genomics, biotechnology, and cancer research; and a 

In 2001, inspired by the open source and open access launched  to make the lecture notes, problem sets, syllabuses, exams, and lectures from the great majority of its courses available online for no charge, though without any formal accreditation for coursework completed While the cost of supporting and hosting the project is high expanded in 2005 to include other universities as a part of the  Consortium, which currently 

includes more than 250 academic institutions with content available in at least six languages.In 2011, MIT announced it would offer formal certification to online participants completing 

coursework in its program, for a modest " online platform supporting  was initially developed in partnership with Harvard and its analogous "" initiative. The c platform is open source, and other universities have already joined and added their own course content

England region and Canada On November 25, 2013, MIT announced the creation of the Collier Medal, to be awarded annually to "an individual or group that embodies the character and qualities that Officer Collier

Three days after the Boston Marathon bombings of April 2013, MIT Police patrol officer Sean Collier was fatally shot by the suspects, setting off a violent manhunt that shut down the campus and much of the Boston metropolitan area for a day. One week later, Collier's memorial service was attended by more than 10,000 people, in a ceremony hosted by the MIT community with thousands of police officers from the New 


exhibited as a member of the MIT community and in all aspects of his life". The announcement further stated that "Future recipients of the award will include those whose contributions exceed the boundaries of their profession, those who have contributed to building bridges across the community, and those who 

Yale University

"Yale" redirects here. For other uses, see Yale (disambiguation).

Yale University

Yale University Shield 

Yale University Seal

Former names

Collegiate School

1701–1718

Yale College

1718–1887

Motto אורים ותמים Hebrew

Motto in English

Light and truth

Established October 9, 1701

Type Private

Endowment $25.6 billion

President Peter 

Academic staff

4,171

Students 12,223

Undergraduates 5,414

Postgraduates 6,809

Location New Haven, Connecticut, United States

Campus Urban/College town, 1,015 acres including Yale Golf Course

Colors     Yale Blue

Athletics NCAA Division 

Ivy League

Nickname Bulldogs

Mascot Handsome Dan

Affiliations Ivy League

Website

Yale University 

Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in  United States. In 1718, the school was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift  a governor of the 

Yale is organized into twelve constituent schools: the original undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and ten professional schools. While the university is governed by the Yale 

British East India Company and in 1731 received a further gift of land and slaves from train Congregationalist ministers in theology and sacred languages, by 1777 the school's curriculum began to incorporate humanities 

and sciences and in the 19th century gradually incorporated graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887.

Corporation, each school's faculty oversees its curriculum and degree programs. In addition to a central campus in downtown New Haven, the University owns athletic facilities in western New Haven, including the Yale Bowl, a campus in West Haven, Connecticut, and forest and nature preserves throughout New 

Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach undergraduate courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. The Yale University Library, serving all twelve schools, holds more than 15 million 

England. The university's assets include an endowment valued at $23.9 billion as of September 27, 2014, the second largest of any educational institution in the world.

volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States. Outside of academic studies, students the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I Ivy League.

Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U.S. Presidents, 19 U.S. Supreme Court Justices, 13 living billionaires,and many foreign heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of 

Congress and many high-level U.S. diplomats, including former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and current Secretary of State John Kerry. Fifty-two Nobel laureates have been affiliated with the University as students, faculty, or staff, and 230 Rhodes Scholars graduated from the University.

Yale traces its beginnings to "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School," passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9, 1701, while meeting in New Haven. The Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten 

Congregationalist ministers: Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel  Samuel Mather, James Noyes, James Abraham  Russell, Joseph Webb and Timothy all alumni of Harvard, met in the study of Reverend r books to form the school's library.The group, led by James  is now known as "The Founders".

Originally known as the "Collegiate School," the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham The school moved to  and then . In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut.

First diploma awarded by Yale College, granted to Nathaniel Chauncey, 1702.

Meanwhile, there was a rift forming at Harvard between its sixth president Increase Mather and the rest of the Harvard clergy, whom Mather viewed as increasingly liberal, ecclesiastically lax, and overly broad in 

Church polity. The feud caused the to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not

In 1718, at the behest of either Rector Samuel Andrew or the colony's Governor Cotton Mather contacted a successful lived in Wales but had been born in Boston and whose father, 

David, had been one of the original settlers in New Haven, to ask him for financial help in constructing a new building for the college. Through the persuasion of Jeremiah ale, who had made a fortune through trade while living in 

Madras as a representative of the East India Company, donated nine bales of goods, which were sold for more than £560, a substantial sum at the time. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College. Meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent 

intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and theology.It had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Locke's works and developed his original theology

known as the "new divinity". In 1722 the Rector and six of his friends, who had a study group to discuss the new ideas, announced that they had given up Calvinism, become and joined the Church of England. They were ordained in England and returned to the colonies 

as missionaries for the Anglican faith. Thomas became president in 1745, and struggled to return the college to Calvinist orthodoxy; but he did not close the library. Other students found Deist books in the library.